What is the source of potable water if fresh water is in limited supply?

Desalination of salty or sea water serves as a vital source of potable water, especially in regions where fresh water resources are scarce. This process involves the removal of salts and other impurities from seawater, making it suitable for drinking and irrigation. Given the increasing global population and the corresponding rise in water demand, desalination provides a reliable alternative to traditional water sources. Additionally, technological advancements have made desalination more efficient and cost-effective over time.

Considering other options, while rainwater harvesting is a valuable method for collecting and utilizing rainwater, its effectiveness is heavily reliant on local climate conditions and cannot address the needs in areas where fresh water is excessively limited. Surface runoff from agricultural land may contain pollutants and is not a sustainable source of clean drinking water. Similarly, recycling sewage water is an important strategy but is typically considered a last resort for ensuring water supply and often requires extensive treatment to ensure safety for drinking. Desalination, therefore, stands out as a broad-scale solution capable of providing safe drinking water where fresh water is not adequately available.